Saline soluble inorganic fibers

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is use of a vitreous inorganic fiber in the knowledge that it has a composition meeting the criterion that the calculated sum of the free energies of hydration of the compounds that would or could be present at equilibrium (on the basis of knowledge, informed belief or reasonable assumption) is more negative than -10 kcal/100 grams of composition. Such compositions are saline soluble.

This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 08/899,005 filed Jul. 23, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,247 issued on Nov. 30, 1999, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 08/535,587 filed Sep. 28, 1995, now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 08/039,086, filed Apr. 9, 1993, now abandoned, which claims priority to International Application No. PCT/GB93/00085, filed Jan. 15, 1993, which claims priority to GB 92 00993.5, filed Jan. 17, 1992 and GB 92 24612.3, filed Nov. 24, 1992.

This invention relates to saline soluble, non-metallic, amorphous, inorganic oxide, refractory fibrous materials.

Inorganic fibrous materials are well known and widely used for many purposes (e.g. as thermal or acoustic insulation in bulk, mat, or blanket form, as vacuum-formed shapes, as vacuum formed boards and papers, and as ropes, yarns or textiles; as a reinforcing fibre for building materials; as a constituent of brake blocks for vehicles). In most of these applications the properties for which inorganic fibrous materials are used require resistance to heat, and often resistance to aggressive chemical environments.

Inorganic fibrous materials can be either glassy or crystalline. Asbestos is an inorganic fibrous material one form of which has been strongly implicated in respiratory disease.

It is still not clear what the causative mechanism is that relates some asbestos with disease but some researchers believe that the mechanism is mechanical and size related. Asbestos of a critical size can pierce cells in the body and so, through long and repeated cell injury, have a bad effect on health.

Whether this mechanism is true or not regulatory agencies have indicated a desire to categorise any inorganic fibre product that has a respiratory fraction as ‘hazardous’, regardless of whether there is any evidence to support such categorisation. Unfortunately for many of the applications for which inorganic fibres are used, there are no realistic substitutes.

Accordingly there is a demand for inorganic fibres that will pose as little risk as possible (if any) and for which there are objective grounds to believe them safe.

A line of study has proposed that if inorganic fibres were made that were sufficiently soluble in physiological fluids that their residence time in the human body was short; then damage would not occur or at least be minimised. As the risk of asbestos-linked disease appears to depend very much on the length of exposure this idea appears reasonable. Asbestos is extremely insoluble.

As intercellular fluid is saline in nature the importance of fibre solubility in saline solution has long been recognised. If fibres are soluble in physiological saline solution then, provided the dissolved components are not toxic, the fibres should be safer than fibres which are not so soluble. The shorter the time a fibre is resident in the body the less damage it can do. H. Förster in ‘The behaviour of mineral fibres in physiological solutions’ (Proceedings of 1982 WHO IARC Conference, Copenhagen, Volume 2, pages 27-55(1988)) discussed the behaviour of commercially produced mineral fibres in physiological saline solutions. Fibres of widely varying solubility were discussed.

International Patent Application No. WO087/05007 disclosed that fibres comprising magnesia, silica, calcia and less than 10 wt % alumina are soluble in saline solution. The solubilities of the fibres disclosed were in terms of parts per million of silicon (extracted from the silica-containing material of the fibre) present in a saline solution after 5 hours of exposure. The highest value revealed in the examples had a silicon level of 67 ppm. In contrast, and adjusted to the same regime of measurement, the highest level disclosed in the Förster paper was equivalent to approximately 1 ppm. Conversely if the highest value revealed in the International Patent Application was converted to the same measurement regime as the Förster paper it would have an extraction rate of 901,500 mg Si/kg fibre—i.e. some 69 times higher than any of the fibres Förster tested, and the fibres that had the highest extraction rate in the Förster test were glass fibres which had high alkali contents and so would have a low melting point. This is convincingly better performance even taking into account factors such as differences in test solutions and duration of experiment.

International Patent Application No. WO089/12032 disclosed additional fibres soluble in saline solution and discusses some of the constituents that may be present in such fibres.

European Patent Application No. 0399320 disclosed glass fibres having a high physiological solubility.

Further patent specifications disclosing selection of fibres for their saline solubility are European 0412878 and 0459897, French 2662687 and 2662688, PCT WO086/04807 and WO090/02713.

The refractoriness of the fibres disclosed in these various prior art documents varies considerable. The maximum service temperature of any of these disclosed fibres (when used as refractory insulation) is up to 815° C. (1500° F.).

Service temperature for refractory insulation is definable in many ways but to be consistent with the above mentioned International Patent Applications this application shall mean by service temperature that temperature at which the fibre shows acceptable shrinkage (maximum of 5% linear shrinkage after exposure to temperature for 24 hours) and at which the fibre has not appreciably suffered through excessive sintering or softening.

There is a demand for physiologically soluble fibres having a service temperature of greater than 815° C., particularly for such fibres having a service temperature above 900° C.

Testing for physiological solubility and safety can be done by inhalation studies on, e.g. rats. However such studies are extremely time consuming and costly. A study can take of the order of 2½ years from start and can easily cost £1 million per study. A cheaper alternative is to test for solubility in physiological or like fluids in vitro.

Testing of an inorganic fibre for solubility in physiological solutions is not so time consuming, but there is currently no way of predicting which systems will produce such soluble fibres. Therefore anyone seeking to find such soluble fibres has to work on a trial and error basis assisted by what is commonly known as ‘chemical intuition’ but is equally commonly known as ‘a hunch’. Such trial and error testing is laborious and time consuming. Further, once a fibre is found that is soluble there is no guarantee that it will be usable at useful service temperatures.

Accordingly there is a demand for a method of predicting whether a fibre will have a reasonable solubility in physiological solutions, and further there is a demand that such a test should preferably give an indication as to expected service temperature.

Shrinkage of inorganic refractory fibres occurs through two mechanisms; the first is viscous flow of the fibre material. Most inorganic refractory fibres are glasses and so may be defined as liquids having an exceedingly high viscosity (but still liable to flow). By their nature fibres are elongate and so have a high surface area per unit volume. As the reduction of surface area is a means of reducing the surface energy of a material, when the glass becomes fluid enough it will flow so as to reduce surface area. This flow results in a coarsening and shortening of the fibres and so to shrinkage, and in the extreme results in disruption of the fibres into separate particles.

The second mechanism leading to shrinkage is that at elevated temperatures glasses may crystallise to form one or more crystal phases. Usually these crystal phases have a smaller molar volume than the glasses from which they crystallise and so shrinkage results. Some fibres are known for which the molar volume of the crystalline form exceeds that of the glass (for example Al₂O₃/SiO₂ glassy fibres may crystallise to form mullite crystals). In these cases the expansion due to crystallisation may oppose the shrinkage caused by viscous flow.

If shrinkage through viscous flow occurs at a much lower temperature than crystallisation then the crystallisation may not be able to compensate for such shrinkage.

There is a demand for a fibre in which both viscous flow and crystallisation occur at as high and as similar a temperature as possible, and preferably in which the expansion due to crystallisation closely matches the shrinkage due to viscous flow so that the net effect is as close to zero shrinkage as possible.

When used as refractory insulation inorganic refractory fibres are used in several forms. The fibres may be supplied as a bulk material, but in this form the fibres are difficult to handle for many applications. Alternatively the fibre may be supplied as a blanket. Blanket fibre is generally made by a process of sucking fibre from air onto a conveyor to form a blanket. Because the fibres tend to be aligned parallel to the conveyor surface they can separate easily. Accordingly the blanket fibres are secured together by adding a binder to lock the fibres together, or by needling the blanket, or both. In needling needles are passed through the thickness of the blanket to push and draw fibres to lie transverse to the blanket and so tie the fibres together. Because binders are usually resins, such as phenolic resins, they burn off on first firing. There is a desire to reduce the amount of such binders used both because of possible health implications in handling, and because the combustion products may affect the strength of the fibres. Thus needled blanket is usually preferred.

The fibres may also be supplied as blocks, generally made from assembled layers of inorganic fibre blanket.

For some fibres needling is not possible. Crystalline fibres are generally too brittle to stand the stresses involved. For the fibres known in the industry as glass fibres (which are generally used for low temperature applications) the amount of ‘shot’ (unfiberised glass particles) present is generally too high to allow needling as the shot damages the needles. There is no needled blanket on the market that has a maximum service temperature in the range 900° C.-1200° C. There are needled blankets having a higher maximum service temperature but these use expensive fibres in comparison with other fibres usable (with the aid of binders) as blanket in the temperature range 900° C.14 1200° C.

Accordingly there is a demand for needled fibre blanket formed from inexpensive materials, being soluble in saline solutions, and having a maximum service temperature in the range 900° C.-1200° C.

As stated previously refractory oxide fibres are made by several methods all of which involve the formation of a melt of oxides and the subsequent fiberisation of the melt by e.g. spinning or blowing.

The melt of oxide material is often formed by electrical discharge melting of the constituent raw materials. The applicants, in manufacture of a CaO/MgO/SiO₂ refractory oxide fibre encountered problems due to the necessity of handling CaO. These problems were discovered to be due to the moisture content of CaO as commercially available. One of the problems of use of CaO is the outgasing that results upon melting and this led at the least to a porous melt pool which caused fluctuations in the melt current; in the extreme the outgasing was explosive. Additionally use of CaO appeared to cause accelerated attack on the melt electrodes. Also CaO is a difficult and corrosive material to handle.

Accordingly there is a need for a process that minimises the use of CaO.

Accordingly the present invention provides the following features both independently and in combination:

A. Use of a vitreous inorganic fibre in the knowledge that it has a composition meeting the criteria either: that the calculated sum of the free energies of hydration of the compounds that would or could be present at equilibrium (on the basis of knowledge, informed belief or reasonable assumption) is more negative than −10 kcal/100 grams (−418.4 kJ/kg) of composition; or that the percentage of non-bridging oxygens is more than 30%. Such compositions tend to be saline soluble.

B. Use of such a vitreous inorganic fibre in the knowledge that it has a composition meeting the criterion that the ratio of glass modifiers to network formers is less than a critical value (for SiO₂ based compositions the critical value is 1). Such compositions tend to be glass formers.

C. The invention also encompasses fibres selected by adopting such criteria as a test for solubility and glass formation.

D. Use as saline soluble fibres having a shrinkage of less than 3.5% when exposed to 1000° C. for 24 hours and/or 800° C. for 24 hours, of vitreous fibres having a composition comprising (in weight %):

SiO₂ >58% (for MgO =< 10%) and SiO₂ >58% + 0.5(% MgO − 10) (for MgO >= 10%) (SiO₂ preferably being below 70%) CaO 0%-42% MgO 0%-31.33% Al₂O₃ 0%-<3.97%

and being essentially free of fluxing components such as alkali metals and boron oxide.

E. In one such usage the first crystalline material resulting on crystallisation has the crystal structure of diopside and has the composition consisting essentially of:

Composition A Component Weight percent SiO₂ 59-64 Al₂O₃  0-3.5 CaO 19-23 MgO 14-17

F. In a second such usage the first crystalline material resulting on crystallisation has the crystal structure of wollastonite/pseudowollastonite and has the composition consisting essentially of:

Composition B Component Weight percent SiO₂ 60-67 Al₂O₃  0-3.5 CaO 26-35 MgO  4-6

G. The fibres used in such manner may further be used as needled blankets.

H. Preferably the fibres of the general composition and compositions A and B mentioned above have a SiO₂ content (expressed as a weight percentage of the constituents SiO₂, CaO and MgO) of greater than 60%.

I. The present invention further provides a method for the manufacture of refractory oxide fibres containing calcium and silicon by the formation of an oxide melt containing calcium and silicon characterised in that all or part of the calcium and all or part of silicon is provided by a calcium silicate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The invention is illustrated by way of example in the following description and with reference to the drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a three-axis phase diagram indicating the crystalline phases in the system SiO₂/CaO/MgO (Phase Diagrams for Ceramists, The American Ceramic Society, 1964) a key to this diagram is at the end of the specification;

FIG 2 is a three-axis composition plot of the projection onto the SiO₂/CaO/MgO phase field of compositions comprising SiO₂, CaO, MgO and Al₂O₃;

FIG. 3 is a temperature/time plot of the firing regime used in a series of cyclic exposure tests of experimental compositions;

FIG. 4 is a plot of log (total solubility) v calculated free energy of hydration for a series of fibres.

FIG. 5 is a plot of log (total solubility) v % non-bonding oxygens for a series of fibres (see below).

A series of fibres were made of the compositions shown in Table 1. These fibres were melt spun by using a vertical spinning system of the type known for making inorganic fibres. Also shown in Table 1 are the compositions of some comparative commercially available inorganic oxide fibres and glass fibres.

TABLE 1 Al₂O₃ SiO₂ CaO MgO ZrO₂ SW-A 3.3 59.3 20.5 15.5 — SW-A1 1.1 63.7 20.5 15.2 — SW-A2 0.8 60.8 21.4 15.4 — SW-B1 2.3 65.3 26.8 5.7 — SW-B2 1.3 66.9 27.5 5.2 — SW-B3 1.0 60.0 34.0 4.4 — COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES Al₂O₃ SiO₂ CaO MgO ZrO₂ MST CRBT 46.5 53 0.04 0.01 — 1260° C. CWBT 40.6 49.5 5.50 4.00 —  870° C. CHBT 49.7 35.1 0.04 0.01 14.7 1425° C. Glass 15.2/ 53.7/ 21.1/ 1.3/ — Fibre 15.5 57.5 21.8 1.6 Needled 3.7 60.5/ 8.1 4.0 — Glass 60.0 7.9 — Fibre [MST = Maximum Service Temperature (oxidising atmosphere)]

The fibres SW-A, SW-A1, SW-A2, SW-B1, SW-B2 and SW-B3 were tested for solubility by the following method.

The fibre was first chopped in the following manner. 2.5 g of fibre (deshotted by hand) was liquidised with 250 cm³ of distilled water in a domestic Moulinex (Trade Mark) food blender for 20 seconds. The suspension was then transferred to a 500 cm³ plastic beaker and allowed to settle after which as much liquid as possible was decanted and the remaining liquid removed by drying in an oven at 110° C.

The solubility test apparatus comprised a shaking incubator water bath, and the test solution had the following composition:

Compound Name Grams NaCl Sodium chloride 6.780 NH₄Cl Ammonium chloride 0.540 NaHCO₃ Sodium bicarbonate 2.270 Na₂HPO₄.H₂O Disodium hydrogen 0.170 phosphate Na₃C₆H₅O_(7P).2H₂O Sodium citrate 0.060 dihydrate H₂NCH₂CO₂H Glycine 0.450 H₂SO₄ s.g. 1.84 Sulphuric acid 0.050

The above materials were diluted to 1 litre with distilled water to form a physiological-like saline solution.

0.500 grams±0.0003 grams of chopped fibre was weighed into a plastic centrifuge tube and 25 cm³ of the above saline solution added. The fibre and saline solution was shaken well and inserted into the shaking incubator water bath maintained at body temperature (37° C.±1° C.). The shaker speed was set at 20 cycles/minute.

After the desired period (usually 5 hours or 24 hours) the centrifuge tube was removed and centrifuged at ≈4500 revs/minute for approximately 5 minutes. Supernatant liquid was then drawn off using a syringe and hypodermic needle. The needle was then removed from the syringe, air expelled from the syringe, and the liquid passed through a filter (0.45 micron cellulose nitrate membrane filter paper [WCN type from Whatman Labsales Limited]) into a clean plastic bottle. The liquid was then analysed by atomic absorption using a Thermo Jarrell Ash Smith - Hiefje II machine.

The operating conditions were:

WAVELENGTH BAND ELEMENT (nm) WIDTH CURRENT (MA) FLAME (Nitrous Oxide + Acetylene) Al 309.3 1.0 8 Fuel Rich SiO₂ 251.6 0.3 12 ″ CaO 422.7 1.0 7 Fuel Lean MgO 285.2 1.0 3 ″

The procedure and standards adopted for determining the above elements were as set out below.

SiO₂ can be determined without dilution up to 250 ppm concentration (1 ppm≡1 mg/Litre). Above this concentration an appropriate dilution was made volumetrically. A 0.1% KCl solution (0.1 g in 100 cm³) was added to the final dilution to prevent ionic interference. NB If glass apparatus is used, prompt analysis is necessary.

From a stock solution of 1000 ppm pure ignited silica (99.999%) (fused with Na₂CO₃ at 1200° C. for 20 minutes in a platinum crucible (0.2500 g SiO₂/2 g Na₂CO₃) and dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid (4 molar) made up to 250 cm³ with distilled water in a plastic volumetric flask) the following standards were produced:

STANDARD (PPM SiO₂) STOCK SOLUTION (cm³) 10.0 1.0 20.0 2.0 30.0 3.0 50.0 5.0 100.0 10.0 250.0 25.0

Add 0.1% KCl to each standard before making to 100 cm³.

Aluminium may be measured directly from the sample without dilution. Standards of 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 ppm Al may be used. For calibration readings are multiplied by 1.8895 to convert from Al to Al₂O₃.

A standard Al atomic absorption solution (e.g. BDH 1000 ppm Al) was bought and diluted using an accurate pipette to the desired concentration. 0.1% KCl was added to prevent ionic interference.

Calcium may require dilutions on the sample before determination can be carried out (i.e. ×10 and ×20 dilutions). Dilutions must contain 0.1% KCl.

A standard Ca atomic absorption solution (e.g. BDH 1000 ppm Ca) was diluted with distilled water and an accurate pipette to give standards of 0.5, 4.0 and 10.0 ppm. 0.1% KCl is added to prevent ionic interference. To convert readings obtained from Ca to CaO a factor of 1.4 was used.

Magnesium may require dilutions on the sample before determinations can be made (i.e. ×10 and ×20). Add 0.1% KCl to each dilution. To convert Mg to MgO multiply by 1.658.

A standard Mg atomic absorption solution (e.g. BDH 1000 ppm Mg) was diluted with distilled water and an accurate pipette to give standards of 0.5, 1.0 and 10.0 ppm Mg. 0.1% KCl was added to prevent ionic interference.

All stock solutions were stored in plastic bottles.

The results of the tests are indicated in Table 2.

TABLE 2 BODY FLUIDS SOLUBILITY (ppm) SiO₂ CaO MgO 5h 24h 5h 24h 5h 24h SW-A 98 120 63 56 33 66 SW-A1 83 141 32 70 21 70 SW-A2 130 202 43 73 100 177 SW-B1 58 77 10 38 5 9 SW-B2 64 121 27 55 5 10 SW-B3 138 192 80 46 8 21

Fibres with the best solubility (SW-A2 and SW-B3) were then tested, after annealing at varying temperatures, and compared with the comparative examples of Table 1. The results are shown in Table 3.

It can be seen that for the SW-A2 fibre, with increasing annealing temperature, the silica solubility drops progressively. In contrast the SW-B3 composition shows no loss in solubility up to 800° C. and although a reduction in solubility is shown above that temperature it is not as dramatic as for SW-A2. Despite this difference in solubility it is to be noted that only the needled GF fibre shows a comparable silica solubility and that material melts at 700° C.

TABLE 3 Solubility Analyses CaO MgO SiO₂ (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Fibre Condition 5 hrs 24 hrs 5 hrs 24 hrs 5 hrs 24 hrs SW-A2 As received 58 37 37  3 89 130 SW-A2 600° C., 48 hrs 33 56 27 43 60 108 SW-A2 800° C., 48 hrs 35 53 17 30 43  87 SW-A2 1000° C., 48 hrs  7  3  3  2 11  21 SW-B3 As received 35 69  7 22 22 100 SW-B3 600° C., 48 hrs 61 150  12 22 55 130 SW-B3 800° C., 48 hrs 41 90  3  7 24 144 SW-B3 1000° C., 48 hrs 18 40  3  3 17  60 CRBT As received 10  8  6  3  5  3 CHBT As received 16 10  7  3  4    0.3 Glass Fibre As received 14 17  5  3  5  7 Needled GF As received 17 34  8 15 66  85 Needled GF 600° C., 48 hrs 11 26  7 10 19  37 Mineral Fibre As received 16 16  7  6  8  9 [The Glass Fibre and Needled Glass Fibre had the compositions shown in Table 1.]

The user is primarily concerned with the solubility of the fibre as received as it is in this condition that most handling occurs; as received both SW-A2 and SW-B3 fibres have extremely high solubility. Even after exposure to 800° C. and 1000° C. these fibres have solubilities much higher than other high temperature use fibres.

To investigate the reasons underlying the difference in solubilities after high temperature annealing between the SW-A2 and SW-B3 fibres qualitative X-ray diffraction was done on the fibres. The results are indicated in Table 4 and it can be seen that the SW-B3 fibre forms pseudowollastonite and wollastonite, whereas the SW-A2 fibre forms diopside. It appears therefore that the crystalline diopside has a lower solubility in physiological saline solution than the crystalline pseudowollastonite and wollastonite material precipitated from the SW-B3 fibre.

TABLE 4 Sample Condition Qualitative XRD SW-A2 600° C., 48 hours Amorphous SW-A2 800° C., 48 hours Amorphous with small amount Diopside SW-A2 1000° C., 48 hours Diopside SW-B3 600° C., 48 hours Amorphous SW-B3 800° C., 48 hours Amorphous SW-B3 1000° C., 48 hours Pseudowollastonite & Wollastonite

Various of the fibres were then tested for their shrinkage characteristics. Table 5 shows the results of Shrinkage tests on all the test fibres and on some of the comparative fibres. These results were obtained by proposed ISO standard ISO/TC33/SC2/N220 (equivalent to British Standard BS 1920, part 6,1986) with some modifications to account for small sample size. The method in summary comprises the manufacture of vacuum cast preforms, using 75 g of fibre in 500 cm³ of 0.2% starch solution, into a 120×65 mm tool. Platinum pins (approx 0.1-0.3 mm diameter) were placed 100×45 mm apart in the 4 corners. The longest lengths (L1 & L2) and the diagonals (L3 & L4) were measured to an accuracy of ±0.01 mm using a travelling microscope attached to a steel rule with a vernier scale. The samples were placed in a furnace at temperature and left for 24 hours. The shrinkage values are given as an average of the 4 measurements.

TABLE 5 LINEAR SHRINKAGE (%) (24h at temperature) Temp. ° C. SW-A SW-A1 SW-A2 SW-B1 SW-B2 SW-B3 730 1.45 1.43 1.02 0.22 870 0.41 900 1.07 1.07 1000 1.04 1.3 0.51 0.6 1.1 1100 0.71 1.8 0.73 2.2 Maximum 850 1050 1050 1050 1050 1000 Service Temperature ° C.

It can be seen that in SW-A, SW-A1, SW-A2, SW-B1, SW-B2 and SW-B3, owing to the increase in molar volume on crystallisation, the linear shrinkage at the maximum service temperature is less than 3.5%.

Table 6 shows the results of a further series of shrinkage tests made in the same way.

TABLE 6 Measurement Direction Test Linear c.f. Roll Temperatures Shrinkages % Sample Direction ° C. Range Mean SW-A2 Parallel 850 1.1-1.4 1.2 SW-A2 Perpendicular 850 0.7-1.5 1.3 SW-A2 Parallel 900 0.5-1.1 0.9 SW-A2 Perpendicular 900 1.9-4.5 3.0 SW-A2 Parallel 1000 0.5-2.9 1.3 SW-A2 Perpendicular 1000 1.7-2.9 2.2 SW-A2 Parallel 1100 0.7-1.5 1.0 SW-A2 Perpendicular 1100 1.0-2.6 1.8 SW-B3 Parallel 900 1.6-1.8 1.7 SW-B3 Perpendicular 900 1.4-2.4 2.1 SW-B3 Parallel 1000 1.6-2.3 1.9 SW-B3 Perpendicular 1000 1.0-2.3 1.7 SW-B3 Parallel and 1100 Complete Melting Perpendicular (Lantern type remnant)

To ascertain the applicability of these tests to long term usage a series of cyclic shrinkage tests were undertaken on the materials and the heating schedule used for these cyclic tests is shown in FIG. 3.

The results of the tests are shown in Tables 7 & 8 (the two figures given for SW-B3 are due to slight differences in chemical analysis [the fibre at the end of a production run of fibre tends to have slightly differing composition to that at the beginning of a production run of fibre]).

As a further comparison with the above discussed materials a melt was made comprising 55% SiO₂, 29.9% CaO and 18.6% MgO. Fibres made using this composition had a maximum service temperature of 700° C. and melted at 800° C.

As these results were encouraging the applicants conducted a further and extensive series of tests, concentrating on the SW-A2 and SW-B3 compositions, to ascertain the reproducibility of these results and the boundaries of the useful compositions.

Table 9 (three pages) below gives the compositions of a series of melts, ranked on silica content, and showing the shrinkage figure after exposure to 1000° C. for 24 hours (1st column) and 800° C. for 24 hours (2nd column). These shrinkages were measured by the same method as the shrinkages given above but measurements were made with a travelling microscope with a digital linear scale accurate to ±5 μm. It can clearly be seen that all fibres with a silica content of less than 58% have a shrinkage at 1000° C. of greater than 3.5% save two (B3-3 and 708). These fibres, together with some fibres with a silica content of greater than 58% although showing a reasonable figure at 1000° C., show a very poor figure at 800° C. Compositions with an SiO₂ content of greater than 70% appear to fiberise poorly. This may be because such compositions have two liquids in the melt as may be appreciated from FIG 1.

TABLE 7 CYCLIC SHRINKAGE (LINEAR) (%) 24h at Product 1000 ° C. 1100° C. 1000° C. No. cycles 58 42 CRBT 2.0 2.7 1.9 CWBT 15.0 13.3 12.1 SW-A2 0.33 2.0 1.3 SW-B3 1.00 1.67 1.1 SW-B3 0.33 0.67 1.1 Accuracy: + or − 0.33%

TABLE 8 CYCLIC SHRINKAGE (%) LINEAR THICKNESS SHRINKAGE SHRINKAGE 24 h at PRODUCT 1000° C. 1100° C. 1000° C. 1000° C. 1100° C. No. cycles 104 100 104 100 CRBT 1.47 3.1 1.9 0.47 11.19 CWBT 14.4 15.2 12.1 38.63 32.14 SW-A2 1.5 2.1 1.3 8.58 8.75 SW-B3 1.73 1.63 1.1 7.24 7.57 SW-B3 1.47 1.77 1.1 7.02 7.16 Accuracy: + or − 0.3%(%)

TABLE 9 Analysed Compositions Shrinkage Rationalised (Weight %) at ° C. Compositions Melt SiO₂ % CaO % MgO % Al₂O₃ % Na₂O % K₂O % Fe₂O₃ % ZrO₂ % 1000 800 SiO₂ % CaO % MgO % A2-28 78.07 2.07 17.15 0.15 <0.05 <0.05 0.11 1.76 ¶ 80.3 2.1 17.6 A2-16 73.43 12.40 10.09 0.19 <0.05 <0.05 0.11 2.23 0.7 * 76.6 12.9 10.5 A2-32 73.09 6.36 19.60 0.23 0.05 <0.05 0.11 0.36 ¶ 73.8 6.4 19.8 B3-32 72.38 23.43 0.65 0.31 0.31 0.09 0.22 0.72 ¶ 75.0 24.3 0.7 A2-15 72.25 12.67 12.35 0.11 <0.05 <0.05 0.10 1.24 1.1 * 74.3 13.0 12.7 A2-22 71.48 9.36 16.34 0.33 0.10 <0.05 0.20 0.83 1.1 * 73.6 9.6 16.8 A2-29 71.24 4.46 22.31 0.19 <0.05 <0.05 0.13 1.23 1.8 *1.5 72.7 4.5 22.8 A2-27 71.14 6.77 19.64 0.24 0.08 <0.05 0.13 1.01 1.2 *1.2 72.9 7.0 20.1 B3-28 70.81 18.74 7.03 0.47 0.23 0.07 0.16 0.75 0.2 * 73.3 19.4 7.3 A2-17 70.43 11.58 14.52 0.15 <0.05 <0.05 0.13 1.58 1.3 * 73.0 12.0 15.0 A2-33 70.04 4.61 22.85 0.25 0.11 <0.05 0.12 1.01 ¶ 71.9 4.7 23.4 B3-18 69.42 23.27 3.76 0.43 0.37 0.06 0.12 0.47 0.4 72.0 24.1 3.9 A2-6 69.29 15.17 12.76 0.07 0.25 <0.05 0.11 1.13 1.5 71.3 15.6 13.1 B3-16 68.74 24.99 1.71 0.65 0.38 0.10 0.24 1.03 0.3 0.2 72.0 26.2 1.8 A2-26 68.65 8.12 19.26 0.29 <0.05 <0.05 0.21 0.98 1.5 1.5 71.5 8.4 20.1 B3-27 68.56 20.98 7.00 0.78 0.35 0.08 0.17 0.79 0.8 0.7 71.0 21.7 7.3 759 68.33 17.45 12.60 <0.05 0.11 <0.05 0.33 <0.05 1.7 1.1 69.5 17.7 12.8 A2-20 68.19 11.58 16.57 0.40 0.19 0.05 0.21 0.91 1.1 1.0 70.8 12.0 17.2 A2-31 67.62 8.45 21.72 0.32 0.09 <0.05 0.15 0.64 2.3 1.9 69.2 8.6 22.2 B3-31 67.59 27.76 0.49 0.40 0.40 0.11 0.22 1.01 0.7 70.5 29.0 0.5 B3-19 67.58 24.91 3.65 0.45 0.37 0.07 0.15 0.65 0.5 70.3 25.9 3.8 B3-17 67.25 26.68 1.86 0.70 0.45 0.10 0.23 0.57 0.3 70.2 27.9 1.9 A2-13 66.67 14.87 16.01 0.11 0.05 <0.05 0.10 0.92 1.6 68.4 15.2 16.4 B3-22 66.17 21.28 9.34 0.52 0.33 0.08 0.18 0.54 1.1 0.8 68.4 22.0 9.6 A2-10 66.17 16.22 15.80 0.49 0.06 <0.05 0.09 <0.05 2.2 1.9 67.4 16.5 16.1 B3-15 65.86 29.82 1.78 0.47 0.45 0.08 0.18 0.51 0.3 67.6 30.6 1.8 719 65.77 25.69 8.12 <0.05 0.24 <0.05 0.23 <0.05 0.5 66.0 25.8 8.2 A2-5 65.69 18.74 13.78 0.18 0.16 <0.05 0.10 0.14 1.9 1.0 66.9 19.1 14.0 B3-4A 65.50 25.81 4.88 2.05 0.28 0.12 0.16 0.24 1.4 1.0 A2-8 65.33 16.86 14.24 0.22 0.13 <0.05 0.14 1.17 1.5 67.7 17.5 14.8 718 65.23 27.14 6.95 <0.05 0.24 <0.05 0.20 0.49 0.4 65.7 27.3 7.0 B3-14 65.11 24.91 5.54 0.58 0.43 0.09 0.19 0.61 1.0 68.1 26.1 5.8 721 65.08 27.26 5.33 0.06 0.17 <0.05 0.08 <0.05 0.3 0.6 66.6 27.9 5.5 A2-34 64.85 6.63 26.20 0.23 0.06 <0.05 0.16 0.80 3.4 3.9 66.4 6.8 26.8 A2-21 64.16 13.74 19.98 0.34 0.17 <0.05 0.11 0.13 3.2 3.3 65.6 14.0 20.4 B3-30 64.13 31.93 0.37 0.64 0.45 0.09 0.14 0.28 0.6 66.5 33.1 0.4 A2-35 64.12 8.88 24.88 0.29 0.10 <0.05 0.13 0.47 7.3 7.1 65.5 9.1 25.4 B3-23 64.09 23.26 9.33 0.56 0.36 0.09 0.16 0.30 1.0 66.3 24.0 9.7 B3-5A 63.74 25.41 4.68 3.97 0.26 0.12 0.17 0.58 7.4 4.3 A2-30 63.68 16.06 18.21 0.40 0.11 0.07 0.15 <0.05 2.7 1.6 65.0 16.4 18.6 A2-9 63.66 21.44 12.96 1.49 0.32 0.10 0.11 <0.05 1.9 0.9 64.9 21.9 13.2 A2-12 63.56 16.55 18.00 0.33 0.11 <0.05 0.08 0.05 1.0 2.3 64.8 16.9 18.3 B3-6A 63.24 24.83 4.59 5.70 0.27 0.11 0.15 0.15 21.6 18.8 723 62.61 29.79 5.44 <0.05 0.17 <0.05 0.13 <0.05 0.4 0.5 64.0 30.4 5.6 757 62.60 20.92 15.22 0.20 <0.05 <0.05 0.16 <0.05 1.3 2.9 63.4 21.2 15.4 A2-25 62.36 10.99 24.18 0.33 0.10 0.05 0.16 0.07 6.1 63.9 11.3 24.8 B3-13 62.33 30.62 2.06 0.55 0.65 0.09 0.17 0.91 0.8 0.9 65.6 32.2 2.2 A2-7 61.98 23.37 11.98 0.44 0.25 <0.05 0.10 0.23 1.4 63.7 24.0 12.3 725 61.83 28.13 7.54 0.10 0.36 <0.05 0.17 <0.05 0.6 63.4 28.9 7.7 B3-11 61.71 33.25 2.33 0.69 0.52 0.12 0.25 0.59 0.9 63.4 34.2 2.4 B3-24 61.62 25.53 9.73 0.58 0.38 0.10 0.17 <0.05 1.8 1.2 63.6 26.4 10.0 A2-24 61.38 13.62 22.74 0.31 0.16 <0.05 0.14 0.08 3.3 12.3 62.8 13.9 23.3 722 61.33 31.08 5.25 0.05 0.20 <0.05 0.16 <0.05 1.3 62.8 31.8 5.4 924 61.32 19.78 14.54 2.57 <0.05 <0.05 0.09 0.66 0.3 3.0 64.1 20.7 15.2 B3-2A 60.83 32.30 0.48 4.15 0.35 0.15 0.19 0.12 7.5 3.3 A2-14 60.74 25.30 11.66 0.28 0.18 0.05 0.13 0.16 1.8 62.2 25.9 11.9 B3-1A 60.32 32.27 3.99 1.74 0.32 0.10 0.15 0.09 2.5 1.7 A2-11 60.32 24.28 13.24 0.25 0.18 <0.05 0.09 0.08 1.8 1.1 61.7 24.8 13.5 B3-9 60.28 34.49 2.50 0.76 0.50 0.13 0.28 0.49 1.6 1.7 62.0 35.4 2.6 A2-23 60.20 18.59 18.78 0.48 0.19 0.08 0.15 0.05 18.9 10.7 61.7 19.1 19.2 B3-1 60.11 32.56 3.80 0.79 0.54 0.12 0.23 0.82 0.5 62.3 33.8 3.9 932 59.85 21.60 15.65 1.50 0.06 <0.05 0.18 0.11 12.8 61.6 22.3 16.1 692 59.82 34.34 5.44 0.13 0.19 <0.05 0.08 0.17 2.1 60.0 34.5 5.5 B3-3A 59.54 31.64 0.67 5.91 0.33 0.15 0.21 0.41 43.3 15.3 B3-25 59.53 28.15 9.22 0.48 0.39 0.08 0.14 <0.05 2.3 61.4 29.1 9.5 B3-29 59.40 36.00 0.68 0.92 0.43 0.14 0.23 0.17 0.9 61.8 37.5 0.7 714 59.05 32.00 8.27 <0.05 0.27 <0.05 0.40 <0.05 0.7 1.2 59.5 32.2 8.3 696 58.81 30.91 6.15 0.21 0.18 <0.05 0.08 0.24 0.3 1.4 61.3 32.3 6.4 A2-19 58.71 18.48 19.74 0.54 0.20 0.07 0.19 <0.05 4.7 60.6 19.0 20.4 586 58.65 35.03 3.90 0.13 0.23 <0.05 0.16 <0.05 1.9 1.6 60.1 35.9 4.0 694 58.39 33.10 6.02 0.27 0.20 <0.05 0.10 0.17 1.6 1.9 59.9 33.9 6.2 765 57.78 3.90 35.07 2.12 <0.05 <0.05 0.23 <0.05 34.2 59.7 4.0 36.3 660 57.74 34.65 4.83 1.15 0.24 <0.05 0.19 <0.05 24.7 59.4 35.6 5.0 B3-20 57.57 32.70 6.07 0.91 0.57 0.13 0.22 <0.05 30.9 59.8 33.9 6.3 712 57.54 35.39 4.61 0.06 0.23 <0.05 0.12 <0.05 4.4 3.4 59.0 36.3 4.7 B3-21 57.38 36.62 2.43 0.73 0.51 0.11 0.16 0.08 30.3 59.5 38.0 2.5 B3-26 56.98 30.50 9.44 0.62 0.44 0.11 <0.05 <0.05 39.8 26.6 58.8 31.5 9.7 A2-18 56.96 26.29 13.01 0.66 0.51 0.10 0.19 <0.05 36.2 59.2 27.3 13.5 971 56.82 23.92 17.36 0.74 0.18 <0.05 0.14 0.05 41.7 57.9 24.4 17.7 734 56.58 23.62 17.05 1.00 0.06 <0.05 0.13 0.05 39.3 58.2 24.3 17.5 973 56.18 24.45 16.81 0.50 0.08 <0.05 0.14 0.05 34.9 57.7 25.1 17.2 B3-3 55.99 36.07 4.44 0.58 0.45 0.09 0.38 1.46 0.3 34.7 58.0 37.4 4.6 708 55.22 42.79 0.77 <0.05 0.31 <0.05 0.12 <0.05 1.1 8.7 55.9 43.3 0.8 71 54.68 24.04 19.66 0.20 0.17 <0.05 0.23 <0.05 51.7 55.6 24.4 20.0 *Poor fibres containing a lot of shot. All other constituents <0.1%. ¶Too poor to test for solubility or shrinkage

TABLE 10 Analysed Compositions Solubilities Rationalised (Weight %) ppm Compositions Melt SiO₂ % CaO % MgO % Al₂O₃ % Na₂O % K₂O % Fe₂O₃ % ZrO₂ % SiO₂ CaO MgO SiO₂ % CaO % MgO % A2-28 78.07 2.07 17.15 0.15 <0.05 <0.05 0.11 1.76 ¶ 80.3 2.1 17.6 A2-16 73.43 12.40 10.09 0.19 <0.05 <0.05 0.11 2.23 113 45 55 76.6 12.9 10.5 A2-32 73.09 6.36 19.60 0.23 0.05 <0.05 0.11 0.36 ¶ 73.8 6.4 19.8 B3-32 72.38 23.43 0.65 0.31 0.31 0.09 0.22 0.72 ¶ 75.0 24.3 0.7 A2-15 72.25 12.67 12.35 0.11 <0.05 <0.05 0.10 1.24 105 35 48 74.3 13.0 12.7 A2-22 71.48 9.36 16.34 0.33 0.10 <0.05 0.20 0.83 126 36 75 73.6 9.6 16.8 A2-29 71.24 4.46 22.31 0.19 <0.05 <0.05 0.13 1.23 94 21 105 72.7 4.5 22.8 A2-27 71.14 6.77 19.64 0.24 0.08 <0.05 0.13 1.01 101 24 67 72.9 7.0 20.1 B3-28 70.81 18.74 7.03 0.47 0.23 0.07 0.16 0.75 108 49 31 73.3 19.4 7.3 A2-17 70.43 11.58 14.52 0.15 <0.05 <0.05 0.13 1.58 91 35 72 73.0 12.0 15.0 A2-33 70.04 4.61 22.85 0.25 0.11 <0.05 0.12 1.01 ¶ 71.9 4.7 23.4 B3-18 69.42 23.27 3.76 0.43 0.37 0.06 0.12 0.47 145 66 17 72.0 24.1 3.9 A2-6 69.29 15.17 12.76 0.07 0.25 <0.05 0.11 1.13 152 48 70 71.3 15.6 13.1 B3-16 68.74 24.99 1.71 0.65 0.38 0.10 0.24 1.03 132 72 10 72.0 26.2 1.8 A2-26 68.65 8.12 19.26 0.29 <0.05 <0.05 0.21 0.98 183 31 97 71.5 8.4 20.1 B3-27 68.56 20.98 7.00 0.78 0.35 0.08 0.17 0.79 122 54 20 71.0 21.7 7.3 759 68.33 17.45 12.60 <0.05 0.11 <0.05 0.33 <0.05 117 38 40 69.5 17.7 12.8 A2-20 68.19 11.58 16.57 0.40 0.19 0.05 0.21 0.91 162 31 69 70.8 12.0 17.2 A2-31 67.62 8.45 21.72 0.32 0.09 <0.05 0.15 0.64 103 26 72 69.2 8.6 22.2 B3-31 67.59 27.76 0.49 0.40 0.40 0.11 0.22 1.01 112 50 4 70.5 29.0 0.5 B3-19 67.58 24.91 3.65 0.45 0.37 0.07 0.15 0.65 163 44 21 70.3 25.9 3.8 B3-17 67.25 26.68 1.86 0.70 0.45 0.10 0.23 0.57 162 49 13 70.2 27.9 1.9 A2-13 66.67 14.87 16.01 0.11 0.05 <0.05 0.10 0.92 159 47 70 68.4 15.2 16.4 A2-10 66.17 16.22 15.80 0.49 0.06 <0.05 0.09 <0.05 122 42 52 67.4 16.5 16.1 B3-22 66.17 21.28 9.34 0.52 0.33 0.08 0.18 0.54 174 62 57 68.4 22.0 9.6 B3-15 65.86 29.82 1.78 0.47 0.45 0.08 0.18 0.51 156 38 7 67.6 30.6 1.8 719 65.77 25.69 8.12 <0.05 0.24 <0.05 0.23 <0.05 115 51 24 66.0 25.8 8.2 A2-5 65.69 18.74 13.78 0.18 0.16 <0.05 0.10 0.14 150 48 60 66.9 19.1 14.0 B3-4A 65.50 25.81 4.88 2.05 0.28 0.12 0.16 0.24 82 52 16 A2-8 65.33 16.86 14.24 0.22 0.13 <0.05 0.14 1.17 181 54 84 67.7 17.5 14.8 718 65.23 27.14 6.95 <0.05 0.24 <0.05 0.20 0.49 107 47 20 65.7 27.3 7.0 B3-14 65.11 24.91 5.54 0.58 0.43 0.09 0.19 0.61 158 67 27 68.1 26.1 5.8 721 65.08 27.26 5.33 0.06 0.17 <0.05 0.08 <0.05 153 68 20 66.6 27.9 5.5 A2-34 64.85 6.63 26.20 0.23 0.06 <0.05 0.16 0.80 39 11 119 66.4 6.8 26.8 A2-21 64.16 13.74 19.98 0.34 0.17 <0.05 0.11 0.13 160 28 56 65.6 14.0 20.4 B3-30 64.13 31.93 0.37 0.64 0.45 0.09 0.14 0.28 163 83 3 66.5 33.1 0.4 A2-35 64.12 8.88 24.88 0.29 0.10 <0.05 0.13 0.47 61 18 106 65.5 9.1 25.4 B3-23 64.09 23.26 9.33 0.56 0.36 0.09 0.16 0.30 101 44 31 66.3 24.0 9.7 B3-5A 63.74 25.41 4.68 3.97 0.26 0.12 0.17 0.58 48 43 11 A2-30 63.68 16.06 18.21 0.40 0.11 0.07 0.15 <0.05 102 33 52 65.0 16.4 18.6 A2-9 63.66 21.44 12.96 1.49 0.32 0.10 0.11 <0.05 195 67 66 64.9 21.9 13.2 A2-12 63.56 16.55 18.00 0.33 0.11 <0.05 0.08 0.05 160 47 66 64.8 16.9 18.3 B3-6A 63.24 24.83 4.59 5.70 0.27 0.11 0.15 0.15 26 7 26 723 62.61 29.79 5.44 <0.05 0.17 <0.05 0.13 <0.05 141 62 17 64.0 30.4 5.6 757 62.60 20.92 15.22 0.20 <0.05 <0.05 0.16 <0.05 187 62 73 63.4 21.2 15.4 A2-25 62.36 10.99 24.18 0.33 0.10 0.05 0.16 0.07 160 35 105 63.9 11.3 24.8 B3-13 62.33 30.62 2.06 0.55 0.65 0.09 0.17 0.91 151 41 7 65.6 32.2 2.2 A2-7 61.98 23.37 11.98 0.44 0.25 <0.05 0.10 0.23 178 59 63 63.7 24.0 12.3 725 61.83 28.13 7.54 0.10 0.36 <0.05 0.17 <0.05 186 76 35 63.4 28.9 7.7 B3-11 61.71 33.25 2.33 0.69 0.52 0.12 0.25 0.59 162 28 15 63.4 34.2 2.4 B3-24 61.62 25.53 9.73 0.58 0.38 0.10 0.17 <0.05 185 37 57 63.6 26.4 10.0 A2-24 61.38 13.62 22.74 0.31 0.16 <0.05 0.14 0.08 136 27 87 62.8 13.9 23.3 722 61.33 31.08 5.25 0.05 0.20 <0.05 0.16 <0.05 185 81 23 62.8 31.8 5.4 924 61.32 19.78 14.54 2.57 <0.05 <0.05 0.09 0.66 77 36 37 64.1 20.7 15.2 B3-2A 60.83 32.30 0.48 4.15 0.35 0.15 0.19 0.12 58 61 5 A2-14 60.74 25.30 11.66 0.28 0.18 0.05 0.13 0.16 127 57 43 62.2 25.9 11.9 B3-1A 60.32 32.27 3.99 1.74 0.32 0.10 0.15 0.09 119 72 16 A2-11 60.32 24.28 13.24 0.25 0.18 <0.05 0.09 0.08 149 54 51 61.7 24.8 13.5 B3-9 60.28 34.49 2.50 0.76 0.50 0.13 0.28 0.49 175 8 5 62.0 35.4 2.6 A2-23 60.20 18.59 18.78 0.48 0.19 0.08 0.15 0.05 192 35 47 61.7 19.1 19.2 B3-1 60.11 32.56 3.80 0.79 0.54 0.12 0.23 0.82 146 84 17 62.3 33.8 3.9 932 59.85 21.60 15.65 1.50 0.06 <0.05 0.18 0.11 92 41 43 61.6 22.3 16.1 692 59.82 34.34 5.44 0.13 0.19 <0.05 0.08 0.17 140 67 23 60.0 34.5 5.5 B3-3A 59.54 31.64 0.67 5.91 0.33 0.15 0.21 0.41 30 25 10 B3-25 59.53 28.15 9.22 0.48 0.39 0.08 0.14 <0.05 133 48 33 61.4 29.1 9.5 B3-29 59.40 36.00 0.68 0.92 0.43 0.14 0.23 0.17 201 29 5 61.8 37.5 0.7 714 59.05 32.00 8.27 <0.05 0.27 <0.05 0.40 <0.05 142 73 30 59.5 32.2 8.3 696 58.81 30.91 6.15 0.21 0.18 <0.05 0.08 0.24 163 48 37 61.3 32.3 6.4 A2-19 58.71 18.48 19.74 0.54 0.20 0.07 0.19 <0.05 125 42 66 60.6 19.0 20.4 586 58.65 35.03 3.90 0.13 0.23 <0.05 0.16 <0.05 182 54 19 60.1 35.9 4.0 694 58.39 33.10 6.02 0.27 0.20 <0.05 0.10 0.17 133 66 27 59.9 33.9 6.2 765 57.78 3.90 35.07 2.12 <0.05 <0.05 0.23 <0.05 100 16 169 59.7 4.0 36.3 660 57.74 34.65 4.83 1.15 0.24 <0.05 0.19 <0.05 152 69 23 59.4 35.6 5.0 B3-20 57.57 32.70 6.07 0.91 0.57 0.13 0.22 <0.05 181 29 40 59.8 33.9 6.3 712 57.54 35.39 4.61 0.06 0.23 <0.05 0.12 <0.05 160 24 22 59.0 36.3 4.7 B3-21 57.38 36.62 2.43 0.73 0.51 0.11 0.16 0.08 175 25 16 59.5 38.0 2.5 B3-26 56.98 30.50 9.44 0.62 0.44 0.11 <0.05 <0.05 149 64 41 58.8 31.5 9.7 A2-18 56.96 26.29 13.01 0.66 0.51 0.10 0.19 <0.05 161 47 57 59.2 27.3 13.5 971 56.82 23.92 17.36 0.74 0.18 <0.05 0.14 0.05 142 55 73 57.9 24.4 17.7 734 56.58 23.62 17.05 1.00 0.06 <0.05 0.13 0.05 135 52 66 58.2 24.3 17.5 973 56.18 24.45 16.81 0.50 0.08 <0.05 0.14 0.05 102 42 47 57.7 25.1 17.2 B3-3 55.99 36.07 4.44 0.58 0.45 0.09 0.38 1.46 185 14 18 58.0 37.4 4.6 708 55.22 42.79 0.77 <0.05 0.31 <0.05 0.12 <0.05 193 31 2 55.9 43.3 0.8 71 54.68 24.04 19.66 0.20 0.17 <0.05 0.23 <0.05 133 55 62 55.6 24.4 20.0

There are several anomalies, namely compositions B3-6A, A2-25, A2-24, A2-23, B3-2A, B3-3A, A2-19, and 932. All of these have an SiO₂ content of >58% but a high shrinkage.

On the assumption that the minimum silica level for satisfactory shrinkage varies with MgO content the applicants have determined that fibres with a silica content (in weight percent) that fail to meet the following expression do not have satisfactory shrinkages at either or both 800° C. and 1000° C.:

SiO₂ >58% (for MgO =< 10%) and SiO₂ >58% + 0.5 (% MgO − 10) (for MgO >= 10%)

The applicants have further found that the Al₂O₃ content is important. From their studies it appears that the maximum Al₂O₃ content lies somewhere between 2.57% and 3.97%. The applicants have found that with increasing alumina levels the first material to crystallise is calcium aluminate and this possibly forms a liquid phase that assists flow and hence shrinkage.

Table 10 shows, for the same compositions as Table 9, 24 hour solubilities for each major constituent. It can be seen that all of the compositions have high solubilities.

As mentioned above use of CaO in forming calcium containing fibres is inconvenient and can be hazardous. The applicants investigated use of mixed oxide materials that would avoid the handling of CaO. A fibre was made by admixture of magnesia with silica and wollastonite (CaSiO₃).

The raw materials used to make the melt comprised:

Pennine Darlington Heavy Magnesia (#200)

MgO 92.60% CaO 1.75% Fe₂O₃ 0.04% SiO₂ 0.20% Cl 0.25% SO₃ 0.70% LOI 4.50%

Partek's Finnish Low Iron Wollastonite (#200) (U.K. agent—Cornelius Chemical Co., Romford, Essex)

SiO₂ 51.80% CaO 44.50% MgO 0.80% Al₂O₃ 0.60% Fe₂O₃ 0.30% Na₂O 0.10% K₂O 0.05% TiO₂ 0.05% S 0.02% MnO 0.01% P 0.01% F 0.01% LOI 1.70%

Hepworth Mineral's Redhill T washed silica sand

SiO₂ 99.0% min.

These constituents were mixed as 78.65% Wollastonite; 19.25% SiO₂; and 3.6% MgO. This gave 0.4-0.5% of the final melt as Al₂O₃.

It was surprisingly found that in producing a melt using these constituents the current requirements were only two-thirds that for the use of the raw oxides.

Fibre was produced by blowing (although spinning and other methods can be used). 2 runs were performed with different blowing conditions.

Chemical analysis was undertaken by the Analytical Department at the applicant's subsidiary Morgan Materials Technology (hereinafter called M²T) using wet chemical techniques. Fibre diameters were measured using M²T's Galai particle analyser, with shape analysis software. Typically 40,000 fibres were analysed for each run.

The first result of note was the speed of melt reaction when using wollastonite as compared with lime. Also the current was seen to be very stable throughout the growth of the melt. If the current was lost whilst pulling the electrodes apart the current could be restored simply by pushing them back together again. This was not possible with the runs using lime.

Chemical Analysis Others CaO MgO Al₂O₃ SiO₂ ZrO₂ Na₂O Total Run1 0.7 32.6 3.8 0.8 60.1 0.8 0.5 99.3 Run2 0.7 32.5 3.8 0.8 60.1 0.8 0.6 99.3

Runs 1 and 2 indicate the respective x-ray fluorescence analyses for each run.

Shrinkage Results (1000° C. for 24 hours) L1 L2 L3 L4 Av. Std. Dev. Run 1 0.9 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.3 Run 2(A) 1.0 −0.2   0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 Run 2(B) 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.2

Solubility Results (ppm) CaO MgO SiO₂ Run 1(5 hr) 67 10 95 Run 1(24hr) 84 17 146 Run 2(5hr) 39 7 72 Run 2(24hr) 73 17 186

Fibre diameters Mean Median 100%< % >5 μm % <1 μm Run 1 5.1 μm 3.4 μm 30 μm 33% 13% Run 2 4.1 μm 2.7 μm 25 μm 25% 19%

Accordingly it appears to be the case that by using what are cheaper ingredients than the pure oxides one can obtain a fibre that has as high a performance as using purer oxides and at much improved energy costs and safety. It is to be noted that this feature of the invention is not limited to saline soluble fibres and any oxide fibre that contains both calcium and silicon can advantageously be made with a calcium silicate, wollastonite being merely an example of such a silicate.

The previous description is directed towards high temperature usage of particular saline soluble fibres. The following is directed towards the prediction and use of saline soluble fibres. A series of fritted glass melts were made of the compositions shown in Tables 11A and 11B and quenched in water. Solubilities of the various components of the quenched melt were measured by the previously described method of atomic absorption. The solubilities were normalised to a specific surface area of 0.25 m²/gram of fibre.

The free energy of hydration was calculated by normalising the chemical analysis to 100 weight %; making the assumption that simple silicates (MSiO₃/M₂SiO₃) are present and calculating the free energy of hydration contribution of each species; and summing to get the total free energy of hydration. The data in Tables 11A & 11B is also presented in FIG. 4. It can be seen that the fibres lie on a generally straight line bar four groups of materials that will be explained below.

Table 11 shows in each column the following:

Fibre reference

Composition

Molar ratios

Moles/100 grams of melt

Species assumed (see below)

Calculated free energy of hydration of assumed species (kcal/100 grams)(see below)

Calculated free energy of hydration of assumed species (kJ/kg) (see below)

Solubility data (# indicates not measured [see below])

Specific surface area

Normalised solubility data

log normalised solubility

The base data on which calculation of the free energy of hydration was done is set out in Tables 12 which indicates free energies of hydration taken from the literature in the units kcal/mol and kJ/mol.

TABLE 11 Table of Free Energy of Hydration Values for Silicate Melts Free Energy Free of Energy Normal- Composition Moles Hydration of ized Log Wt. Ration- in Moles (kcal/ Hydration Solubility S.S.A Solu- (norm Melt Code Oxide % alized Moles 100 g Species in 1 kg 100 g) (kj/kg) Oxide (ppm) m2/g bility solub) CAS10(B) - CaO 47.2 47.8 0.852 0.451 CaSiO3 4.51 −7.3 −304.0 CaO 44 0.30 43 1.63 A Al2O3 24.5 24.8 0.243 0.243 Al2O3 2.43 0.8 31.6 Al2O3 0 SiO2 27.1 27.4 0.451 0.401 CaO 4.01 −5.3 −219.7 SiO2 7 Total 98.8 100.0 −11.8 −492.1 Total 51 CAS10(B) - CaO 46.5 47.2 0.842 0.479 CaSiO3 4.79 −7.7 −322.8 CaO 58 0.39 66 1.82 B Al2O3 23.7 24.0 0.235 0.235 Al2O3 2.35 0.7 30.6 Al2O3 1 SiO2 28.4 28.8 0.479 0.363 CaO 3.63 −4.8 −198.9 SiO2 44 Total 98.6 100.0 −11.8 −491.1 Total 103 CAS10(B) - CaO 47.8 48.4 0.863 0.456 CaSiO3 4.56 −7.3 −307.3 CaO 55 0.36 76 1.88 C Al2O3 23.9 24.2 0.237 0.237 Al2O3 2.37 0.7 30.8 Al2O3 0 SiO2 27.1 27.4 0.456 0.407 CaO 4.07 −5.3 −223.0 SiO2 55 Total 98.8 100.0 −11.9 −499.5 Total 110 CIS(A) CaO 42.7 44.3 0.790 0.707 CaSiO3 7.07 −11.4 −476.5 CaO 62 0.40 69 1.84 TiO2 12.7 13.2 0.165 0.083 CaO 0.83 −1.1 −45.5 TiO2 0 SiO2 41.0 42.5 0.707 0.165 TiO2 1.65 2.6 110.4 SiO2 49 Total 96.4 100.0 −9.9 −411.6 Total 111 SrSiO3 SrO 63.1 64.4 0.622 0.592 SrSiO3 5.92 −14.4 −604.4 SrO 2 0.37 249 2.40 SiO2 34.9 35.6 0.592 0.030 SiO 0.30 −0.5 −21.7 SrO2 367 Total 98.0 100.0 −14.9 −626.1 Total 369 CaSiO3 CaO 46.1 46.9 0.836 0.836 CaSiO3 8.36 −13.5 −563.5 CaO 41 0.45 163 2.21 SiO2 52.3 53.1 0.884 0.048 SiO2 0.48 0.3 11.2 SiO2 253 Total 98.4 100.0 −13.2 −552.3 Total 294 MAS(A) Na2O 18.8 18.9 0.305 0.305 Na2SiO3 3.05 −8.8 −367.5 Na2O # 0.56 4 0.60 Al2O3 39.7 39.8 0.390 0.390 Al2O3 3.90 1.2 50.7 Al2O3 4 SiO2 41.1 41.3 0.687 0.382 SiO2 3.82 2.1 89.4 SiO2 5 Total 99.6 100.0 −5.5 −227.4 Total 9 CAS4 CaO 21.0 20.9 0.373 0.373 CaSiO3 3.73 −6.0 −251.4 CaO 11 0.62 8 0.90 Al2O3 35.4 35.2 0.345 0.345 Al2O3 3.45 1.1 44.9 Al2O3 4 SiO2 44.2 43.9 0.731 0.358 SiO2 7.31 2.0 171.1 SiO2 5 Total 100.6 100.0 −2.9 −35.4 Total 20 MAS(B) MgO 10.0 10.3 0.256 0.256 MgSiO3 2.56 −3.6 −149.0 MgO 7 0.52 6 0.78 Al2O3 33.7 34.9 0.342 0.342 Al2O3 3.42 1.1 44.5 Al2O3 2 SiO2 53.0 54.8 0.912 0.656 SiO2 6.56 3.7 153.5 SiO2 4 Total 96.7 100.0 1.2 49.0 Total 13 SAS(A) SrO 29.8 30.5 0.294 0.294 SrSiO3 2.94 −7.2 −300.2 SrO 9 0.50 8 0.90 Al2O3 31.1 31.8 0.312 0.312 Al2O3 3.12 1.0 40.6 Al2O3 2 SiO2 36.8 37.7 0.627 0.333 SiO2 3.33 1.9 77.9 SiO2 5 Total 97.7 100.0 −4.3 −181.7 Total 16 SCS(A) SrO 35.0 35.1 0.339 0.339 SrSiO3 3.39 −8.3 −346.1 SrO 75 0.41 280 2.45 CaO 21.0 21.1 0.376 0.376 CaSiO3 3.76 −6.1 −253.4 CaO 30 SiO2 43.6 43.8 0.729 0.014 SiO2 0.14 0.1 3.3 SiO2 355 Total 99.6 100.0 −14.3 −596.2 Total 460 SMAS(A) SrO 55.0 56.6 0.546 0.296 SrSiO3 2.96 −7.2 −302.2 SrO 57 0.46 38 1.58 MgO 1.2 1.2 0.030 0.030 MgO 0.30 −0.2 −8.2 MgO 2 Al2O3 23.7 24.4 0.239 0.239 Al2O3 2.39 0.7 31.1 Al2O3 5 SiO2 17.3 17.8 0.296 0.250 SrO 2.50 −4.3 −181.0 SiO2 5 Total 97.2 100.0 −11.0 −460.3 Total 69 SMAS(8) SrO 55.0 55.9 0.539 0.401 SrSiO3 4.01 −9.8 −409.4 SrO 110 0.39 95 1.98 MgO 4.8 4.9 0.122 0.122 MgO 1.22 −0.8 −33.2 MgO 15 Al2O3 14.8 15.1 0.148 0.148 Al2O3 1.48 0.5 19.2 Al2O3 1 SiO2 23.7 24.1 0.401 0.138 SrO 1.38 −2.4 −99.9 SiO2 22 Total 98.3 100.0 −12.5 −523.3 Total 148 SMS(A) SrO 33.0 32.9 0.318 0.318 SrSiO3 3.18 −7.8 −324.7 SrO 147 0.39 212 2.55 MgO 12.5 12.5 0.310 0.310 MgSiO3 3.10 −4.3 −180.4 MgO 61 Al2O3 1.0 1.0 0.010 0.010 Al2O3 0.10 0.0 1.3 Al2O3 0 SiO2 53.8 53.6 0.892 0.264 SiO2 2.64 1.5 61.8 SiO2 125 Total 100.3 100.0 −10.6 −442.0 Total 331 SAS(C) SrO 56.0 56.2 0.542 0.401 SrSiO3 4.01 −9.8 −409.4 SrO 70 0.38 52 1.72 Al2O3 19.7 19.7 0.193 0.193 Al2O3 1.93 0.6 25.1 Al2O3 1 SiO2 24.0 24.1 0.401 0.141 SrO 1.41 −2.4 −102.1 SiO2 8 Total 99.7 100.0 −11.6 −486.4 Total 79 CMAS(A) CaO 35.0 34.6 0.617 0.293 CaSiO3 2.93 −4.7 −197.5 CaO 11 0.30 24 1.38 MgO 4.5 4.4 0.109 0.109 MgO 1.09 −0.7 −29.6 MgO 7 Al2O3 44.0 43.4 0.426 0.426 Al2O3 4.26 1.3 55.4 Al2O3 3 SiO2 17.8 17.6 0.293 0.324 CaO 3.24 −4.2 −177.6 SiO2 8 Total 101.3 100.0 −8.3 −349.3 Total 29 SWA2 CaO 21.7 21.7 0.387 0.387 CaSiO3 3.87 −6.2 −260.8 CaO 53 0.48 119 2.08 MgO 15.7 15.7 0.389 0.389 MgSiO3 3.89 −5.4 −226.4 MgO 57 Al2O3 0.8 0.8 0.008 0.008 Al2O3 0.08 0.0 1.0 Al2O3 0 SiO2 61.8 61.8 1.028 0.252 SiO2 2.52 1.4 59.0 SiO2 118 Total 100.0 100.0 −10.2 −427.2 Total 228 SAS(D) SrO 56.5 57.3 0.553 0.413 SrSiO3 4.13 −10.1 −421.7 SrO 107 0.40 92 1.96 Al2O3 17.6 17.9 0.176 0.176 Al2O3 1.76 0.5 22.9 Al2O3 1 SiO2 24.4 24.8 0.413 0.140 SrO 1.40 −2.4 −101.4 SiO2 39 Total 98.5 100.0 −12.0 −500.2 Total 147 KMAS(A) K2O 16.5 16.5 0.175 0.175 K2SiO3 1.75 −7.3 −305.4 K2O # 0.36 14 1.15 MgO 13.0 13.0 0.323 0.323 MgSiO3 3.23 −2.1 −188.0 MgO 8 Al2O3 18.0 17.9 0.176 0.176 Al2O3 1.76 0.5 22.9 Al2O3 1 SiO2 52.8 52.6 0.875 0.377 SiO2 8.75 2.1 204.8 SiO2 11 Total 100.3 100.0 −6.8 −265.7 Total 20

TABLE 12 G_(hyd) (kcal/ mole) (kJ/mol) Relevant oxides SiO₂ + H₂O → H₂SiO₃ 5.6 23.4 (vitreous silica) Al₂O₃ + 3H₂O → 2Al(OH)₃ 3.1 13.0 MgO + H₂O → Mg(OH)₂ −6.5 −27.2 CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ −13.1 −54.8 SrO + H₂O → Sr(OH)₂ −17.3 −72.4 Na₂O + H₂O → 2NaOH −33.5 −140.2 K₂O + H₂O → 2KOH −46.1 −192.9 TiO₂ + H₂O → Ti(OH)₂O 16.0 66.9 P₂O₅ + 3H₂O → 2H₃PO₄ −55.9 −233.9 B₂O₃ + 3H₂O → 2H₃BO₃ −9.8 −41.0 ZrO₂ + H₂O → Zr(OH)₂O −7.1 −29.7 Relevant Silicates Na₂SiO₃ + 2H⁺ (aq) → H₂SiO₃ + 2Na⁺ (aq) −28.8 −120.5 K₂SiO₃ + 2H⁺ (aq) → H₂SiO₃ + 2K⁺ (aq) −41.7 −174.5 MgSiO₃ + 2H⁺ (aq) → H₂SiO₃ + Mg²⁺ (aq) −13.9 −58.2 CaSiO₃ + 2H⁺ (aq) → H₂SiO₃ + Ca²⁺ (aq) −16.1 −67.4 SrSiO₃ + 2H⁺ (aq) → H₂SiO₃ + Sr²⁺ (aq) −24.4 −102.1 BaSiO₃ + 2H⁺ (aq) → H₂SiO₃ + Ba²⁺ (aq) −37.3 −156.1 ZnSiO₃ + 2H⁺ (aq) → H₂SiO₃ + Zn²⁺ (aq) −2.4 −10.0 Disilicates Ca₂SiO₄ + 3H⁺ (aq) → H₂SiO₃ + 2Ca²⁺ + −30.3 −126.8 OH⁻ Sr₂SiO₄ + 3H⁺ (aq) → H₂SiO₃ + 2Sr²⁺ + −50.3 −210.5 OH⁻ Mg₂SiO₄ + 3H⁺ (aq) → H₂SiO₃ + 2Mg²⁺ + −17.9 −74.9 OH⁻

Although calculations were undertaken assuming the presence of the simplest silicates choice of other silicates (such as disilicates) does not appear to change the calculations much. For example given below is the calculation for an assumed composition which shows only minor differences for the free energy of hydration calculated.

Composition (moles/100 g) 0.767 CaO 0 417 MgO 0.669 SiO₂ 0.384 Ca₂SiO₄ = −11.6 or 0.433 CaSiO₃ = −7.0 0.285 MgSiO₃ = −4.0 0.236 MgSiO₃ = −3.3 0.132 MgO = −0.9 0.334 CaO = −4.4 −16.5 0.181 MgO = −1.2 −15.9 or 0.384 Ca₂SiO₄ = −11.6 0.132 Mg₂SiO₄ = −2.4 0.153 MgSiO₃ = −2.1 −16.1

The applicants have found that when the free energy of hydration is more negative than −10 kcal/100 grams (−418.4 kJ/kg) of composition the composition showed high solubility. The compositions where this relationship broke down were those for which the total solubility was not available (for example those materials containing sodium, where any dissolved sodium would be swamped by the sodium in the saline solution) or where the free energy of hydration of the most likely species present was not available from the literature.

As a test of this technique the two examples of European Patent No. 0399320 were examined. The disclosed examples had the compositions:

Composition 1 Composition 2 Component Weight percent Weight percent SiO₂ 60.7 58.5 Al₂O₃ — 5.8 CaO 16.5 3.0 MgO 3.2 — B₂O₃ 3.3 11.0 Na₂O 15.4 9.8 K₂O 0.7 2.9 Iron oxide 0.2 0.1 BaO — 5.0 ZnO — 3.9

Using the above method of calculation Composition 1 had a free energy of hydration of −11.6 kcal/100 grams (−485.3 kJ/kg) whereas Composition 2 had a free energy of hydration of −5.8 kcal/100 grams (−242.6 kJ/kg). This would suggest that composition 1 would be a saline soluble fibre, and hence physiologically safer than an insoluble fibre; whereas Composition 2 would be predicted to be a relatively insoluble fibre and hence less safe. This is what is disclosed in EP 0399320, the fibres of Composition 2 having a longer lifetime in studies in which the fibres were introduced interperitoneally into rats.

As mentioned above this predictive test can fail under some circumstances. To avoid these difficulties the applicants looked to a different predictive technique, namely the assessment of the amount of non-bridging oxygens present. This is calculated by normalising the chemical analysis to 100 weight %; calculating the molar percentage of each oxide; summing the oxygen-weighted contribution of each oxide to get the total number of oxygens; summing the weighted contribution of each oxide of non-bridging oxygens (see below); and taking the ratio of non-bridging oxygens to the total number of oxygens. The applicants have found that when this figure exceeds 30% the fibres are soluble.

To explain the term non-bridging oxygen one must look to the structure of glasses. Glasses are very stiff liquids and to form usually require the presence of a material that can form a network (usually an oxygen-bridged network). The network may be modified by constituents that contribute non-bridging parts to the network and open the structure of the network and so prevent crystallisation. These materials are usually referred to as network-formers and modifiers respectively.

The terms modifier and network former are well known in the glass industries. Network formers are materials such as SiO₂, P₂O₅, B₂O₃ and GeO₂ which can form an interconnected network to form the glassy phase. Modifiers are substances such as CaO, Na₂O, and K₂O which alter the network and have effects on such properties as viscosity and melting point. There are some intermediate materials (such as Al₂O₃, TiO₂, PbO, ZnO and BeO) which can act as both network formers and modifiers depending on the environment and on the amount present.

In the above mentioned test, for calculating the non-bridging oxygens, one ignores the network formers and calculates the contribution of each other oxide. The contribution of each oxide depends on the geometry and charge of each cation in the glass. As examples typical contributions are as follows:

Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Sr²⁺ and other divalent network modifier cations contribute 2 non-bridging oxygens

K⁺, Na⁺ and other monovalent network modifier cations contribute 1 non-bridging oxygen

Al³⁺, Ti³⁺ and other intermediate cations contribute −1 non-bridging oxygen (i.e these oxides reduce the number of non-bridging oxygens)

( Ti⁴⁺ is reduced to Ti³⁺ in most glasses when present in relatively small quantities)

TABLE 13 Composition Oxygen Solubility S.S.A Normalized Log Melt Code Oxide Wt. % Moles Mol. % Total N.B.O % N.B.O Oxide (ppm) m2/g Solubility (norm solub) CAS10(8) - A CaO 47.2 0.842 54.9 160.8 78.4 48.8 CaO 44 0.30 43 1.63 Al2O3 24.5 0.240 15.7 Al2O3 0 SiO2 27.1 0.451 29.4 SiO2 7 Total 1.533 100.0 Total 51 CAS10(8) - B CaO 46.5 0.829 54.0 160.9 77.8 48.4 CaO 58 0.39 66 1.82 Al2O3 23.7 0.232 15.1 Al2O3 1 SiO2 28.4 0.473 30.8 SiO2 44 Total 1.534 100.0 Total 103 CAS10(8) - C CaO 47.8 0.852 55.4 159.6 80.4 50.4 CaO 55 0.36 76 1.88 Al2O3 23.9 0.234 15.2 Al2O3 0 SiO2 21.1 0.451 29.3 SiO2 55 Total 1.537 100.0 Total 110 CIS(A) CaO 42.7 0.761 47.5 152.5 85.1 55.8 CaO 62 0.40 69 1.84 TiO2 12.7 0.159 9.9 TiO2 0 SiO2 41.0 0.682 42.6 SiO2 49 Total 1.602 100.0 Total 111 SrSiO3 SrO 63.1 0.609 51.2 148.8 102.4 68.8 SrO 2 0.37 249 2.40 SiO2 34.9 0.581 48.8 SiO2 367 Total 1.190 100.0 Total 369 CaSiO3 CaO 46.1 0.822 48.6 151.4 97.2 64.2 CaO 41 0.45 163 2.21 SiO2 52.3 0.870 51.4 SiO2 253 Total 1.692 100.0 Total 294 NAS(A) Na2O 18.8 0.303 22.0 228.3 −12.6 −5.5 Na2O # 0.56 4 0.60 Al2O3 39.7 0.389 28.3 Al2O3 4 SiO2 41.1 0.684 49.7 SiO2 5 Total 1.376 100.0 Total 9 CAS4 CaO 21.0 0.374 25.7 198.1 3.8 1.9 CaO 11 0.62 8 0.90 Al2O3 35.4 0.347 23.8 Al2O3 4 SiO2 44.2 0.736 50.5 SiO2 5 Total 1.457 100.0 Total 20 MAS(8) MgO 10.0 0.248 17.0 205.6 −11.2 −5.4 MgO 7 0.52 6 0.78 Al2O3 33.7 0.331 22.6 Al2O3 2 SiO2 53.0 0.882 60.4 SiO2 4 Total 1.461 100.0 Total 13 SAS(A) SrO 29.8 0.288 23.9 201.4 −2.6 −1.4 SrO 9 0.50 8 0.90 Al2O3 31.1 0.305 25.3 Al2O3 2 SiO2 36.8 0.612 50.8 SiO2 5 Total 1.205 100.0 Total 16 SCS(A) SrO 35.0 0.338 23.5 150.5 99.0 65.8 SrO 75 0.41 280 2.45 CaO 21.0 0.374 26.0 CaO 30 SiO2 43.6 0.726 50.5 SiO2 355 Total 1.438 100.0 Total 460 SMAS(A) SrO 55.0 0.531 49.1 169.6 60.8 35.8 SrO 57 0.46 38 1.58 MgO 1.2 0.030 2.8 MgO 5 Al2O3 23.7 0.232 21.5 Al2O3 2 SiO2 17.3 0.288 26.6 SiO2 5 Total 1.081 100.0 Total 69 SMAS(B) SrO 55.0 0.531 44.6 157.6 84.8 53.8 SrO 110 0.39 95 1.98 MgO 4.8 0.119 10.0 MgO 15 Al2O3 14.8 0.145 12.2 Al2O3 1 SiO2 23.7 0.394 33.2 SiO2 22 Total 1.189 100.0 Total 148 SMS(A) SrO 33.0 0.318 20.7 159.5 80.6 50.5 SrO 147 0.39 212 2.33 MgO 12.5 0.310 20.2 MgO 61 Al2O3 1.0 0.010 0.6 Al2O3 0 SiO2 53.8 0.895 58.4 SiO2 123 Total 1.533 100.0 Total 331 SAS(C) SrO 56.0 0.540 47.7 169.3 61.4 36.3 SrO 70 0.38 52 1.72 Al2O3 19.7 0.193 17.0 Al2O3 1 SiO2 24.0 0.399 35.3 SiO2 8 Total 1.132 100.0 Total 79 CMAS(A) CaO 35.0 0.624 42.6 179.3 41.4 23.1 CaO 11 0.30 24 1.38 MgO 4.5 0.112 7.6 MgO 7 Al2O3 44.0 0.432 29.5 Al2O3 3 SiO2 17.8 0.296 20.3 SiO2 8 Total 1.464 100.0 Total 29 SWA2 CaO 21.7 0.387 21.4 157.5 85.0 54.0 CaO 53 0.48 119 2.08 MgO 15.7 0.389 21.5 MgO 57 Al2O3 0.8 0.008 0.4 Al2O3 0 SiO2 61.8 1.028 56.7 SiO2 118 Total 1.812 100.0 Total 228 SAS(D) SrO 56.5 0.545 48.5 166.9 66.2 39.7 SrO 107 0.40 92 1.96 Al2O3 17.6 0.173 15.4 Al2O3 1 SiO2 24.4 0.406 36.1 SiO2 39 Total 1.124 100.0 Total 147 KMAS(A) K2O 16.5 0.175 11.3 179.5 41.4 23.1 K2O # 0.36 14 1.15 MgO 13.0 0.323 20.8 MgO 8 Al2O3 18.0 0.177 11.4 Al2O3 1 SiO2 52.8 0.879 56.6 SiO2 11 Total 1.554 100.0 Total 20

Table 13 shows, for the compositions of Table 11, the calculated figure for non-bonding oxygens and these figures are reproduced in FIG. 5. It can be seen that the plot of FIG. 5 is more linear than that of FIG. 4. Compositions with greater than 30% non-bridging oxygens show high solubility.

To illustrate the method the calculation for one example (the first shown in Table 13) is given below:

Mols/ Total Non-bridging Mol Oxygen Oxygens CaO 0.549 0.549 1.098 (2*0.549) Al₂O₃ 0.157 0.471 (0.157*3) −0.314 (−1*0.157*2Al) SiO₂ 0.294 0.588 0.000 1.000 1.608 0.784 % non-bridging oxygens (0.784/1.608)*100 = 48.8%

As an example one can look to European Patent Specification No. 0399320 referred to above. Using this method in relation to that specification Composition 1 has a non-bridging oxygen percentage of 48.2% whereas Composition 2 has a non-bridging oxygen percentage of 19.6%, again predicting that Composition 1 is more soluble than Composition 2.

There is a further criterion which a composition must meet for it to form vitreous fibres, namely that it be capable of forming a glass. The applicants have found a simple test. If the ratio of modifiers to network formers is less than a critical value (for SiO₂ based glasses, 1) the composition will generally form a glass. For the purpose of this test reasonable results are obtained if such intermediate materials are treated as networkers. Table 14 shows for a series of compositions in each column:

Fibre reference (N.B. these are not the same fibres as shown in tables 9 & 10)

Composition

Molar ratios

Ratio of glass modifiers to network formers

Free energy of hydration of raw oxides

Melting Point

X-ray diffraction results

Solubility data (# indicates not measured)

Specific surface area

Normalised solubility data

Arbitrary ranking as to solubility and glass forming ability

Indication as to whether melting point above 1500° C.

It should be emphasised that this test is a screening one rather than a wholly predictive one as there are several circumstances that may lead to its failure. Among these circumstances are compound formation and inability to quench fast enough to form glass.

Having adopted these tests as a screening method there follows a further step to ascertain whether the composition will form a vitreous fibre. This last step is best examined experimentally as fibre forming ability is a complex function of many physical characteristics, e.g. viscosity, which are often difficult to measure.

Key to FIG. 1 CR Cristobalite FO Forsterite TR Tridymite PR Protoenstatite PS Pseudowollastonite DI Diopside WO Wollastonite AK Akermanite RA Rankinite ME Merwinite LI Lime MO Monticellite PE Periclase

TABLE 14 Norm Solub Criteria Composition Molar Modifier/ Ghyd M. Pt. Solubility Data (ppm) S.S.A. (0.25 m2/g) (0-10 Rating) M. Pt. Reference (Wt. %) Ratios Networker (kcal/mol) (C.) % RD Data Species 1 day Total 5 days Total (m2/g) 1 day 5 days Solub Glass >1500 C. CAS10(A) 49.4 CaO 3.8 CaO 0.97 1544 Amorphous * trace CaO 62 48 0.25 124 187 10 9 T No. 18 23.4 Al2O3 1.0 Al2O3 −4.6 (Eut.) (3 small peaks) Al2O3 7 124 10 182 29.2 SiO2 1.9 SiO2 SiO2 55 124 CIS(A) 42.7 CaO 4.7 CaO 0.85 1425 Amorphous CaO 100 88 0.56 83 88 7 10 W No. 19 13.0 TiO2 1.0 TiO2 −1.3 (Eut.) (No peaks) TiO2 0 187 0 197 43.6 SiO2 4.5 SiO2 SiO2 87 109 MAS(A) 12.4 MgO 1.2 MgO 0.2 1450 Amorphous * trace MgO 63 248 0.57 40 116 4 9 W No. 20 26.5 Al2O3 1.0 Al2O3 3.8 (1400 C.) (2 small peaks) Al2O3 5 92 1 264 62.4 SiO2 40 SiO2 SiO2 24 15 MAS(A) 29.4 Na2O 1.2 Na2O 0.69 1475 Crystalline Na2O # # 0.53 15 471 1 2 W No. 21 39.2 Al2O3 1.0 Al2O3 −6.3 (Eut.) (Glossy trace) Al2O3 3 37 983 990 33.7 SiO2 1.5 SiO2 SiO2 29 15 CPI(A) 53.3 CaO 2.7 CaO 1.35 −24.7 1565 Crystalline CaO 47 47 17 17 0.68 17 6 1 0 T No. 22 50.6 P2O5 1.0 P2O5 (Eut.) (No glass) P2O5 # # SAI(B) 68.0 SiO 1.1 SiO 1.1 −5.7 1545 Amorphous (strong) * SiO 11 1247 5 729 0.88 346 203 10 5 T No. 23 35.9 SiO2 1.0 SiO2 (Eut.) some crystal. (strong) SiO2 1236 724 CaSiO3 42.3 CaO 1.0 CaO 0.77 −3 1545 Amorphous * trace CaO 19 1284 27 508 0.71 452 179 10 9 T No. 24 57.2 SiO2 1.3 SiO2 (1460 C.) (3 small peaks) SiO2 1265 481 ASI(D) 37.3 MgO 1.0 MgO 0.91 0.6 1545 Crystalline (strong) * MgO 62 216 249 362 0.83 65 127 5 6 T No. 26 62.5 SiO2 1.1 SiO2 (Eut.) some glass (strong) SiO2 154 113 C612A17 47.7 CaO 11.2 CaO 0.8 −7.2 1400 Amorphous * trace CaO 14 317 3 145 2.45 37 15 3 7 W No. 28 53.9 Al2O3 7.0 Al2O3 (Eut.) (Mod. cryst.) Al2O3 298 142 CMS(A) 42.5 CaO 1.8 CaO 7 1575 Crystalline CaO 42 21 0.47 158 118 10 0 T No. 27 16.6 MgO 1.0 MgO −4.3 (Eut.) (No glass) MgO 41 303 8 227 39.7 SiO2 1.4 SiO2 SiO2 220 198 CTI(D) 15.4 CaO 1.0 CaO 4.570 9.5 1465 Crystalline CaO 14 14 16 16 1.15 3 3 0 0 W No. 25 77.5 TiO2 3.5 TiO2 (Eut.) (No glass) TiO2 0 0 NCS(A) 20.4 Na2O 1.0 Na2O 1.86 1425 Crystalline * Na2O # # 0.99 204 95 10 4 W Cryst. 35.8 CaO 1.9 CaO −8.7 (Eut.) some glass CaO 595 806 333 375 No. 29 40.8 SiO2 2.1 SiO2 (Strong cryst.) SiO2 211 42 NCS(A) 19.5 Na2O 1.0 Na2O 1.74 1425 Amorphous * Na2O # # 1.36 123 49 10 7 W Glassy 35.3 CaO 2.0 CaO −8.1 (Eut.) some crystal. CaO 543 686 237 271 No. 30 42.7 SiO2 2.3 SiO2 (8 small peaks) SiO2 143 34 CPI(A)Rpt 54.4 CaO 2.9 CaO 1.45 −24 1565 Crystalline CaO 14 14 13 13 1.04 3 3 0 0 T No. 31 48.2 P2O5 1.0 P2O5 (Eut.) (No glass) P2O5 # # NAS(A) 21.0 Na2O 1.0 Na2O 0.48 1475 Amorphous Na2O # # 0.53 17 24 1 10 W Apt. 40.1 Al2O3 1.2 Al2O3 −4 (Eut.) (No peaks) Al2O3 18 37 30 50 No. 32 38.7 SiO2 1.8 SiO2 SiO2 19 20 KAS(E) 20.0 K2O 1.0 K2O 0.31 1590 Amorphous K2O # # 0.97 7 10 1 10 T No. 33 30.4 Al2O3 1.4 Al2O3 −2.7 (Eut.) (No peaks) Al2O3 9 28 18 39 46.1 SiO2 3.6 SiO2 SiO2 19 21 CAS4 21.2 CaO 1.1 CaO 0.26 1550 Amorphous CaO 17 13 0.72 10 8 1 10 T No. 34 34.0 Al2O3 1.0 Al2O3 1.1 (1500 C.) (No peaks) Al2O3 1 28 1 24 44.6 SiO2 2.2 SiO2 SiO2 10 10 NAS(D) 14.9 MgO 2.7 MgO 0.24 1450 Amorphous MgO 7 68 0.61 6 42 1 10 W No. 35 35.9 Al2O3 2.0 Al2O3 3.4 (1400 C.) (No peaks) Al2O3 1 1.5 24 107 51.6 SiO2 4.9 SiO2 SiO2 7 20 SAS(A) 32.5 SiO 1.0 SiO 0.25 1670 Amorphous SiO 24 1 0.67 19 4 2 10 T No. 36 32.4 Al2O3 1.0 Al2O3 0.1 (7) (No peaks) Al2O3 11 50 1 12 38.1 SiO2 2.0 SiO2 SiO2 15 10 SCS(A) 17.1 SiO 1.1 SiO 0.91 1480 Amorphous * trace SiO 57 3 0.57 177 258 10 10 W No. 37 17.5 CaO 1.0 CaO −3.6 (Eut) (2 small peaks) CaO 35 411 2 599 43.4 SiO2 2.3 SiO2 SiO2 329 594 SCS(C) 19.5 SiO 0.5 SiO 0.9 1500 Amorphous SiO 55 11 0.66 155 219 10 10 T No. 38 29.4 CaO 1.4 CaO −3.1 (Eut.) (No peaks) CaO 36 411 10 579 47.1 SiO2 2.1 SiO2 SiO2 320 558 SCS(B) 51.4 SiO 1.7 SiO 0.96 1500 Amorphous * trace SiO 5 45 0.66 161 219 10 10 T No. 39 8.1 CaO 0.5 CaO −4.6 (Eut.) (1 small peak) CaO 5 425 27 579 39.7 SiO2 2.3 SiO2 SiO2 415 507 SAS(B) 65.9 SiO 5.2 SiO 0.96 1600 Crystalline (strong) * SiO 102 5 0.99 114 65 10 5 T No. 40 12.4 Al2O3 1.0 Al2O3 −6.6 (7) some glass (strong) Al2O3 1 453 1 256 25.0 SiO2 3.4 SiO2 SiO2 350 250 SMAS(A) 58.0 SiO 2.7 SiO 0.76 1610 Amorphous * trace SiO 87 61 0.65 48 31 4 10 T No. 41 1.1 MgO 0.1 MgO −6.7 (1560 C.) (1 small peak) MgO 7 104 4 81 25.8 Al2O3 0.9 Al2O3 Al2O3 1 1 18.4 SiO2 1.1 SiO2 SiO2 9 15 SMAS(B) 59.1 SiO 6.0 SiO 0.91 1610 Amorphous * trace SiO 123 20 0.7 70 31 6 9 T No. 42 3.8 MgO 1.0 MgO −5.8 (1500 C.) (3 small peaks) MgO 32 197 29 86 16.6 Al2O3 1.7 Al2O3 Al2O3 1 1 24.6 SiO2 4.3 SiO2 SiO2 41 36 SMS(A) 35.9 SiO 1.1 SiO 0.78 1600 Amorphous SiO 159 42 0.75 148 176 10 10 T No. 43 0.8 Al2O3 −0.4 (1500 C.) (No peaks) MgO 100 444 129 348 12.9 MgO 1.0 MgO SiO2 185 177 51.2 SiO2 2.7 SiO2 SAS(C) 60.6 SiO 2.9 SiO 0.74 1600 Amorphous SiO 142 104 0.67 67 50 5 10 T No. 44 20.7 Al2O3 1.0 Al2O3 −5.9 (7) (No peaks) Al2O3 7 167 7 133 22.6 SiO2 1.9 SiO2 SiO2 18 22 ACPS(A) 16.6 Al2O3 1.5 Al2O3 0.74 1600 Crystalline Al2O3 1 1 0.58 20 19 2 0 T No. 45 39.0 CaO 6.2 CaO −17.7 (Eut) (No glass) CaO 39 46 35 45 35.6 P2O5 2.2 P2O5 P2O5 # # 6.7 SiO2 1.0 SiO2 SiO2 6 9 CMAS(A) 30.6 CaO 3.7 CaO 0.6 1530 Amorphous CaO 24 21 0.54 19 18 2 10 T No. 46 5.9 MgO 1.0 MgO −3.2 (Eut) (No peaks) MgO 10 40 7 39 41.6 Al2O3 2.8 Al2O3 Al2O3 2 2 19.6 SiO2 2.2 SiO2 SiO2 4 9 SA 69.1 SiO 2.1 SiO 1.05 −10.7 1500 Crystalline (strong) * SiO 49 1155 125 1257 0.62 466 507 10 4 T No. 47 32.2 Al2O3 1.0 Al2O3 (Eut) some glass (med) Al2O3 1106 1132 SW2A 21.3 CaO 1.0 CaO 0.78 1360 Amorphous CaO 70 65 0.66 127 140 10 10 W No. 48 16.9 MgO 1.1 MgO −0.2 (No peaks) MgO 91 322 116 369 1.1 Al2O3 Al2O3 10 1 61.5 SiO2 2.7 SiO2 SiO2 151 187 MAS(C) 34.9 MgO 3.5 MgO 0.73 1600 Amorphous (strong) * MgO 50 135 0.52 27 67 2 7 T No. 49 25.5 Al2O3 1.0 Al2O3 0 (Eut) some cryst. (weak) Al2O3 2 58 2 144 41.7 SiO2 2.3 SiO2 SiO2 7 7 SAS(D) 60.3 SiO 3.6 SiO 0.84 1600 Amorphous * trace SiO 141 77 0.54 123 117 10 10 T No. 50 16.5 Al2O3 1.0 Al2O3 −6.1 (7) (2 peaks) Al2O3 1 260 1 249 22.4 SiO2 2.3 SiO2 SiO2 118 171 KMAS(A) 17.5 K2O 1.0 K2O 0.56 1500 Amorphous K2O # # 0.94 6 7 1 10 T No. 51 13.5 MgO 1.8 MgO −2.4 (Eut) (No peaks) MgO 13 23 14 25 18.6 Al2O3 1.0 Al2O3 Al2O3 1 1 53.1 SiO2 4.8 SiO2 SiO2 9 10 KMAS(A) 20.0 K2O 1.5 K2O 0.54 1590 Amorphous K2O # # 0.63 17 19 1 10 T No. 52 9.0 Na2O 1.0 Na2O −6.3 (Eut) (No peaks) Na2O # 31 # 49 33.8 Al2O3 2.3 Al2O3 Al2O3 14 32 39.9 SiO2 4.6 SiO2 SiO2 17 17 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of insulating an article comprising: (A) disposing on, in, near or around the article thermal insulation which is a refractory insulating material having a maximum service temperature greater than 900° C. and comprising vitreous fibers having a composition comprising SiO₂, CaO, MgO, and optionally Al₂O₃, wherein: (a) Sio₂ is present in an amount (1) greater than 58% by weight SiO₂, if the amount of MgO in the composition is in the range 0 through 10 percent by weight; or (2) greater than the sum of (58 +0.5 (weight percent of MgO-10)) percent by weight SiO₂, if the amount of MgO in the composition is greater than 10 percent by weight; (b) an amount up to 42 percent by weight CaO; (c) an amount up to 31.33 percent by weight MgO; and (d) 0 to less than 3.97 percent by weight Al₂O₃; wherein the refractory insulation material has a maximum service temperature greater than 900° C.; wherein the refractory insulation material has a shrinkage of less than 3.5 percent when exposed to a temperature of 1000° C. for 24 hours, and has a shrinkage of less than 3.5 percent when exposed to a temperature of 800° C. for 24 hours; and wherein the refractory insulation material is essentially free of alkali metal oxide and boron oxide fluxing components; and (B) repeatedly exposing said insulated article to a temperature of 1000° C. or more and cooling to below 1000° C.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of SiO₂ is less than 70 percent by weight.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the vitreous fibers crystallize as wollastonite, pseudowollastonite, or a mixture thereof after exposure to a temperature of 1000° C., and wherein said wollastonite, pseudowollastonite, or mixture thereof comprises: (a) 60 through 67 percent by weight SiO₂; (b) 26 through 35 percent by weight CaO; (c) 4 through 6 percent by weight MgO; and (d) 0 through 3.5 percent by weight Al₂O₃.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the vitreous fibers comprise: (a) a maximum of 71.24 percent by weight SiO₂; (b) 4.46 through 34.49 percent by weight CaO; (c) 1.71 through 22.31 percent by weight MgO; and (d) 0 through 2.57 percent by weight Al₂O₃.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the vitreous fibers further comprise: (e) 0 through 0.65 percent by weight Na₂O; (f) 0 through 0.13 percent by weight K₂O; (g) 0.08 through 0.4 percent by weight Fe₂O₃; and (h) 0 through 1.23 percent by weight ZrO₂.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming said vitreous fibers into a bulk, blanket, block, or vacuum-formed form.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising exposing said insulated article to a temperature above around 1000° C.
 8. The method of claim 6 wherein said vitreous fibers are formed into a needled blanket.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the vitreous fibers crystallize as diopside after exposure to a temperature of 1000° C., and wherein said diopside comprises: (a) 59 through 64 percent by weight SiO₂; (b) 19 through 23 percent by weight CaO; (c) 14 through 17 percent by weight MgO; and (d) 0 through 3.5 percent by weight Al₂O₃. 